In
Congress, July 4, 1776
The
unanimous Declaration
of
the thirteen united States of America
When in the Course of human
events, it
becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which
have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the
earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and
of
Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind
requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the
separation.
We hold these truths to be
self-evident,
that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator
with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and
the pursuit of Happiness.
That to secure these rights,
Governments
are instituted among Men, deriving their just Powers from the consent
of
the governed, -- That whenever any Form of Government becomes
destructive
of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it,
and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such
principles
and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most
likely
to effect their Safety and Happiness.
Prudence, indeed, will dictate
that Governments
long established should not be changed for light and transient causes;
and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more
disposed
to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by
abolishing
the forms to which they are accustomed.
But when a long train of abuses
and usurpations,
pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them
under
absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off
such
Government, and to provide new guards for their future security .
Such has been the patient
sufferance of
these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to
alter their former Systems of Government.
The history of the present King
of Great
Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having
in
direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these
States.
To prove this, let facts be
submitted to
a candid world.
He has refused his Assent to
Laws, the
most wholesome and necessary for the public good.
He has forbidden his Governors to
pass
Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their
operation
till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has
utterly
neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other Laws
for the
accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would
relinquish
the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to
them and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together
legislative bodies
at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of
their
Public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance
with his measures.
He has dissolved Representative
Houses
repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the
rights
of the people.
He has refused for a long time,
after such
dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative
Powers,
incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for
their
exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the
dangers
of invasion from without, and convulsions within.
He has endeavoured to prevent the
population
of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for
Naturalization
of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations
hither,
and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.
He has obstructed the
Administration of
Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary
Powers.
He has made Judges dependent on
his Will
alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of
their
salaries.
He has erected a multitude of New
Offices,
and sent hither swarms of Officers to harrass our People, and eat out
their
substance.
He has kept among us, in times of
peace,
Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.
He has affected to render the
Military
independent of and superior to the Civil Power.
He has combined with others to
subject
us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by
our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:
For Quartering large bodies of
armed troops
among us:
For protecting them, by a mock
Trial, from
Punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants
of these States:
For cutting off our Trade with
all parts
of the world:
For imposing Taxes on us without
our Consent:
For depriving us in many cases,
of the
benefits of Trial by Jury:
For transporting us beyond seas
to be tried
for pretended offences:
For abolishing the free system of
English
Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary
government,
and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and
fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these
Colonies:
For taking away our Charters,
abolishing
our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our
Governments:
For suspending our own
Legislature, and
declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all
cases
whatsoever.
He has abdicated Government here,
by declaring
us out of his Protection and waging War against us.
He has plundered our seas,
ravaged our
Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.
He is at this time transporting
large Armies
of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and
tyranny,
already begun with circumstances of Cruelty and perfidy scarcely
paralleled
in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a
civilized
nation.
He has constrained our fellow
Citizens
taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to
become
the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves
by
their Hands.
He has excited domestic
insurrections amongst
us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers,
the
merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an
undistinguished
destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.
In every stage of these
Oppressions we
have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated
Petitions
have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character
is
thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the
ruler of a free people.
Nor have we been wanting in
attention to
our Brittish brethren.
We have warned them from time to
time of
attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction
over
us.
We have reminded them of the
circumstances
of our emigration and settlement here.
We have appealed to their native
justice
and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common
kindred
to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our
connections
and correspondence.
They too have been deaf to the
voice of
justice and of consanguinity.
We must, therefore, acquiesce in
the necessity,
which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of
mankind,
Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.
We, therefore, the
Representatives of the
united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to
the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do,
in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies,
solemnly
publish and declare,
That these United Colonies are,
and of
Right ought to be Free and Independent States;
that they are absolved from all
Allegiance
to the British Crown,
and that all political connection
between
them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally
dissolved;
and that as Free and Independent
States,
they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances,
establish
Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States
may of right do.
And for the support of this
Declaration,
with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we
mutually
pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.
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